Ventricular Septal Defects (VSD)
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Ventricular Septal Defects (VSD)- Key Points
- Introduction
- Outcomes
- Future Directions
- References
- Embryology
- Anatomy, Nomenclature and Classification
- VSD Nomenclature and Classification of Richard and Stella Van Praagh
- VSD Nomenclature and Classification of Robert Anderson
- VSD Nomenclature and Classification of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database
- VSD Nomenclature and Classification of The International Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Code (IPCCC)
- Anatomy
- Associated Defects
- Incidence and Significance
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Presentation and Natural History
- Diagnosis
- Treatment: Medical and Interventional
- Treatment: Surgical
- Surgical History
- Evaluation of the Repair
- Indications for Surgery
- Acquired Associated Defects
- Other Approaches
- Contraindications for Surgery
- Management of VSD in Adults
- Surgical Techniques
- Perimembranous VSD Closure Via Right Atrial Approach
- Doubly committed, subarterial VSD Closure via Pulmonary Artery Approach
- Muscular VSD Closure Via Right Atrial Approach
- Apical Muscular VSD Closure
- Multiple Muscular VSDs
- Video Library: Ventricular Septal Defects (VSD)
- Videos within the chapter
- Echocardiographic images (2D and color flow) of a perimembranous VSD
- Echocardiographic image (parasternal, long-axis) of a large, perimembranous VSD
- Echocardiographic image (apical, 4-chamber) of a perimembranous VSD with accompanying subaortic stenosis
- Echocardiographic image (parasternal, long-axis) of the subaortic membrane
- Echocardiographic images (subcostal and color-flow) of apical muscular VSDs
- Supplemental video
- Transposition of the Great Arteries with Ventricular Septal Defect (TGA-VSD) with Aortic Arch Obstruction
- Embryology
- Anatomy
- Conclusion
- Nomenclature and Classification
- Incidence and Significance
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Natural History Without Treatment
- Treatment
- Medical Treatment
- Pre-surgical Decision-Making
- Staged Approaches
- Arch Reconstruction and Pulmonary Artery Band
- Single Ventricle Palliation
- Outcomes
- Transposition of the Great Arteries with Ventricular Septal Defect (TGA-VSD) with or without Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction (LVOTO)
- Pulmonary Atresia with Ventricular Septal Defect and Major Aortopulmonary Collateral Arteries (PA-VSD-MAPCA[s])