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The human diaphragm is a unique skeletal muscle separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities with a primary function of enabling respiration. The diaphragm is steadfast in this duty and typically goes unremarked upon in imaging reports. However, when abnormal, whether by congenital or acquired means, the consequences for patients can be severe. Abnormalities that affect the diaphragm are often first detected on chest radiographs as an alteration in position or shape. Cross-sectional imaging studies, primarily computed tomography (CT) and occasionally magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), can depict structural defects and intrinsic and adjacent pathology in greater detail. Fluoroscopy is the primary radiologic means of evaluating diaphragmatic motion, though MRI and ultrasound also are capable of this function. This chapter begins with discussing normal diaphragmatic appearance followed by updates in the embryogenesis of the diaphragm and concludes with the role of imaging in specific conditions, including congenital and acquired diaphragmatic derangements.
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The human diaphragm is a unique skeletal muscle separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities with a primary function of enabling respiration. The diaphragm is steadfast in this duty and typically goes unremarked upon in imaging reports. However, when abnormal, whether by congenital or acquired means, the consequences for patients can be severe. Abnormalities that affect the diaphragm are often first detected on chest radiographs as an alteration in position or shape. Cross-sectional imaging studies, primarily computed tomography (CT) and occasionally magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), can depict structural defects and intrinsic and adjacent pathology in greater detail. Fluoroscopy is the primary radiologic means of evaluating diaphragmatic motion, though MRI and ultrasound also are capable of this function. This chapter begins with discussing normal diaphragmatic appearance followed by updates in the embryogenesis of the diaphragm and concludes with the role of imaging in specific conditions, including congenital and acquired diaphragmatic derangements.
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